Voiceovers- The voiceover will usually sound very authoritative, to encourage the audience to think that what they are saying is of great importance, and generally to persuade them to agree with the opinions that the documentary is conveying.
Reality- A documentary should be seen as non-fiction, and that the events portrayed to us are real. However reality of documentaries often comes under debate, as, although the footage is not scripted, or performed by actors, post-production, for example editing and voiceovers can greatly change the ‘reality’ that the audience see.
Archive footage and stills- are often used to add information to the film which cannot be shot by the producer. For example, some documentaries use footage of an area from a long time ago.
Interviews with experts in the subject- used to aid the authenticity of the documentaries message. If the expert disagrees with the message it will usually be disproved by the film maker.
Text and titles- A cheap way of giving information to the audience. Commonly used in documentaries to give facts.
Sound- Non-diegetic music is often used to create a range of emotions from the audience.
Set-ups- Reconstructions of scenes, or setting up typical scenes, that a crew may have to wait a long time for. This is a way for the crew to cheaply get footage, however it means that they are not documenting reality, and perhaps end up confirming stereotypes.
Visual Coding- Mise-en-scene and props.
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